Mental Illness Essay - 550 Words

Mental Illness (Essay Sample) Content: Mental IllnessProfessorInstitutionCourseDateWhat we now call mental illness has had a very long and twisted history. We can find mental illness being shown in cave drawings where men would be drawn doing weird things. During the Middle, Ages the mentally ill persons were put in ships of the insane  and during the Renaissance period they got publicly whipped. Over the years, there has been a lot of recorded history and many examples whereby the mentally ill people have received harsh treatment from the society. This paper looks at the constructionist view of mental illness and how it is different from the biomedical approach. We will look at the arguments of constructionists like Scheff, Goffman and Szasz. Mental illness is a term that is used to refer to the emotional, behavioral or psychological, disorders as which affect the mind causing a disease of the mind. This is more about the psychological aspect, so when it comes to its treatment different methods from th e normal physical treatments are used. For a physical disorder, treatment like acupuncture or traditional medicine may be used but a mental disorder treatment will involve a psychological and a medical approach.It is very difficult to understand mental illness as it has no physical effects. As a result of this, theories have been written to suggest that mental illness is a social construction. There are many types of mental disorders. These include depression, eating disorders, Schizophrenia and dementia. In our current society, there is a social injustice whereby the mentally ill people get discriminated by the rest of the society.The argument that mental disorder is socially constructed has been fuelled the fact that there is no a universally accepted definition for mental illness. In 1961, Ausubel defined it as behavior which is either very distorted to prevent the normal interpersonal relations . This has brought the question What is normal? , Szasz argues that diseaseà ‚  means bodily disease  and therefore going on to talk of mental illness is to talk metaphorically, since one's mind is not literally a part of his body.He goes on to argue that the mental illness as a term has outlasted its usefulness and it now simply functions to conceal scientific ignorance  (Szasz, 1960)Social constructionists such as Scheff, Goffman and Szasz have carried out studies on mental illness so as to examine how cultural and social conceptions of mental disorders arise, how they are applied, and how they change. They are different from the traditional views on mental disorders as they are more concerned on the symptoms of mental illness as cultural definitions but not as properties of the individuals. Their argument is that mental illness should be treated by both use of medicine and checking the root cause of the problem. Their argument is that mental illness is caused by environmental and social factors such as stigma, difficult work conditions and family situations different from the medical model.Szasz and Scheff go on to argue that mental disorder is not an illness but it is a label made by other more powerful people in the society. These people may include politicians, doctors and the media whose actions have a negative effect on the people seen as socially disruptive. Constructionist Goffman looks at those people who have had their behavior labeled, and the effects which follow after the label is applied.What happens when a person is so labeled? Scheff, (1975, p. 10)In our society, if a person decides to pursue a career in chronic mental illness, he will face many social stigmas which other physiological conditions do not. The label of being insane may be self-fulfilling. When a schizophrenic sees that everyone is treating him as a mad person, he may retreat more into the condition as he tries to protect himself from the harsh judgments of the society.According to the constructionists, mental disorder is a socially constructed disease as much as it is a physiological disorder. Let us consider schizophrenia, which one of the oldest, and the most documented mental illness but the least understood of the behaviors which fall in the category of mental disorders. About 1 out of 100 people (1%) will get affected by schizophrenia in their lifetime, mostly at the late adolescence or during early adulthood. It is a known fact that schizophrenia has physiological triggers. It has been associated with brain defects and in some cases a genetic predisposition. Postmortem brain tests have revealed excessive receptors for the dopamine, which can be an explanation for the hallucinations and paranoia which schizophrenics experience.In as much as medical results have shown that there are different cause of mental illness, the society has contributed a lot to the plight of mental disorder. Schizophrenia has been said to be a socially constructed disease as pressure of the society may in some instances cause the problem. As abovementioned, postmortem examinations have revealed that schizophrenics have excessive receptors for dopamine. In some cases, this may have been triggered by the problems that they face in the society.Social constructionists see the symptoms of mental illness from a cultural point of view rather than the properties of individuals. From the constructionists' point of view, the definition of mental illness will always depend on the culture of a particular view. What may be regarded as mental illness may not be seen as such from another of view. Research has shown that in non-western cultures, there are activities or behaviors which are seen as normal but if taken to a western culture it will be seen as a symptom of mental illness. There is more support for the constructionists' argument from individual's beliefs. For instances, when it comes to suicide, in the catholic belief, this is going against the teachings of Jesus Christ but in the Japanese tradition, it would be seen as a w ay to pay for one's sins and people would respect that decision. If suicide happens in the catholic setting, it may be seen as a sign of mental problems but in the old Japanese tradition it is a respectable actSo as to examine mental illness, it is important to examine the symptoms which lead to such diagnosis. As stated above each society, has cultural norms, and these are clearly stated. If a person disregards these norms, he is seen as deviant. Deviance is not really the quality of the committed act but a consequence of the sanctions which others apply to an offender.' A person becomes deviant after the labeling has successfully been applied on him.Take an example of a person talking to God. When someone is hearing voices and at the...

Essay On Nikola Tesla - 1801 Words

Nikola Tesla was an inventor, electrical engineer, futurist, mechanical engineer and physicist. He is the original inventor of the alternative currents which revolutionize the way we use electricity. He made countless more inventions like remote controls, wireless telegraph, neon lamps, three-phase electric power. Many people think that Thomas Edison made electricity available to us which he did for a while but it was very dangerous, however Nokia Tesla was the true inventor that provided us with â€Å"AC currents†, in other hands electricity. He revolutionized the way we use electricity all over the world, we need it in our lives to give us warmth and start are device to communicate to other people and provide us light, to light this world. We†¦show more content†¦He did not stop reading until he heard his mother beginning her arduous rounds at dawn†. He was in loved with books and couldn’t be separated from it. Nikola Tesla was the fourth out of the fiv e children. There was three girls and two boys, but Sadly his brother died. He was the eldest boy named Daniel which dead by falling of a horse. The ironic thing about that horse was that horse actually, saved his father’s life earlier, but Daniel wasn’t so lucky for his own life. Nikola Tesla childhood choices for a career was to go into the army, start farming or become a priest for his church, but Tesla wasn’t suite for any of those options. He gains his photographic memory and genius from his mother. Tesla has a passion of creating poetry, since his father had that passion as well, so Tesla adopted his father hobbies. Tesla never like to share his poems to the public because he felt that it was too personal, but he would tell them to his friends and rehearse them with his friends. Tesla started to invent thing when he was young child â€Å"when he was five, he build a small waterwheel quite unlike those he had seen in his country side. It was smooth, without paddles, yet it spun evenly in the current.†. his passion of inventing was there but he didn’t realize it until later. During his adult years, Tesla attends college at Austrian polytechnic at Graz. During his first yearShow MoreRelatedEssay Nikola Tesla1035 Words   |  5 PagesNi kola Tesla is regarded as one of the most brilliant inventors in history. His work provided the basis for the modern alternating current power system, as well as having developed both radio and the fluorescent light bulb. He worked with Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse, among others. He was also widely misunderstood by his peers and the public at large. Biography Nikola Tesla was born in a small town called Smiljan, in what is now Croatia, during a lightning storm. Some would say thatRead More Nikola Tesla Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesthings, but I bet it wont give any mention of a man by the name of Nikola Tesla. In fact, I bet they wont give much mention of Tesla for any of the many things he invented. We can thank Thomas Edison for this. Nikola Tesla was born in Smiljian, Croatia at precisely midnight on July 9/10, 1856. Not a lot is known about his early childhood. His father was an orthodox priest, and his mother, though unschooled, was highly intelligent. Tesla had an extraordinary memory, and he spoke six languages. He SpentRead MoreNikola Tesla Essay845 Words   |  4 PagesNikola Tesla was born midnight on July 10, 1856 in Smiljan, Lika, which was then part of the Austo-Hungarian Empire, region of Croatia. His father was named Milutin Tesla and was a Serbian Orthodox Priest. Djuka Mandic was his mother and was an inventor in her own right of household appliances. Tesla was the fourth child of five, having one older brother and 3 younger sisters. 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Djuka Mandic was his mother and she invented household appliances. Tesla was the fourth child of five, having one older brother and three younger sisters. In 1873, Tesla studied at the the Polytechnic Institute in Graz, Austria and the University of Prague. At firstRead MoreEssay On Nikola Tesla1458 Words   |  6 PagesNikola Tesla (1856-1943) was an inventor and is responsible for the world as we know it. He developed alternating current, the Tesla coil, and wireless connectivity. Today he is regarded as one of the most important geniuses in history, but while he was alive, his ideas were largely unsupported. Tesla was born in Smiljan, Yugoslavia (modern-day Croatia) on July 10, 1856. He went to primary school, where he learned subjects such as arithmetic, religion, and German. From a very early age, Tesla wasRead More Nikola Tesla Essay1355 Words   |  6 PagesBorn in 1856 the son of an Orthodox priest in Smiljan, Croatia, Nikola Tesla had an early exposure to inventing. His mother, although unschooled, was a very intelligent woman who often created appliances that helped with home and farm responsibilities, such as a mechanical eggbeater. Young Nikola was schooled at home during his early years and later attended a school in Carlstadt, Croatia. He soon developed advanced skills such as doing calculus integrals in his head. He very deeply wantedRead MoreNikola Tesla Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesNikola Tesla I do not think there is any thrill that can go through the human heart like that felt by the inventor as he sees some creation of the brain unfolding to success... such emotions make a man forget food, sleep, friends, love, everything. Nikola Tesla Few people know his name today, and even those who do the words Nikola Tesla are likely to come up with the image of a crackpot rather than an authentic scientist. Nikola Tesla was possibly the greatest inventor the worldRead MoreEssay On Nikola Tesla1212 Words   |  5 PagesNikola Tesla, noted inventor, engineer, machinist, and electrical pioneer was born in 1846 in what is now modern Croatia. His parents had â€Å"five children which included siblings Dane, Angelina, Milka and Marica, in the family. His mother, Djuka Mandic, who invented small household appliances in her spare time while her son was growing up, spurred Tesla’s interest in electrical invention. Tesla s father, Milutin Tesla, was a Serbian orthodox priest and a writer, and he pushed for his son to joinRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Nikola Tesla1282 Words   |  6 PagesIf Nikola Tesla had not shown the world that he was a genius inventor who would advance engineering with such incredible apparatus an d had just lived out his existence without sharing his knowledge then he would have been deemed and crackpot, abnormal and possibly shunned from the rest of society. Tesla had some unique ways of carrying out things that even by todays standard would leave people thinking there is something peculiar about him. This essay sets out to describe that these defining traits

Information Technology And Its Effects On Patient Care

In today’s healthcare industry, medical professionals when providing the best patient care, must commit to continued learning and performance improvement. Medical professionals must stay current with the new trends in healthcare while decreasing costs. Evidence based medicine is key in providing care to patients, and medical professionals utilize this evidence in designing the best plans of treatment. In today’s rapidly changing medical industry, physicians, nurses and all medical personnel need to stay current with the new trends available for the best outcomes in patient care. There are numerous problems that currently face healthcare, increased costs, medical errors, accidents and infections. The medical industries recognize these problems and are making real changes to correct them. Information technology is one solution that can help have a positive impact on patient care, while decreasing errors, costs and infections. To provide safe care there must be a jo int effort and innovative solutions when sharing information and developing clinical expertise. Information in healthcare needs to be meticulous, detailed, appropriate and up to date. It is critical the information we obtain and share on patients is accurate and easily available in an instant. The growth of the information technology industry has grown dramatically in the last 10-15 years, and the healthcare industry recognizes its importance. The mandate set forth in 2004 by the Office of the NationalShow MoreRelatedHealth Information Technology : Effect On Patient Care1697 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Information Technology: Effect on Patient Care Introduction The prevalence of health information technology (HIT) has become very popular in the United States. This innovation continues to grow indicating no end and marks the current trend in the healthcare industry and will continue to play a major role in the later future. What impact does technology play on patient Care? According to Cliff, (2012) patient care technology is designed to meet the patients’ personal needs, values and preferencesRead MoreImportance Of Information Technology And The Healthcare Industry1452 Words   |  6 PagesIMPORTANCE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN HEALTHCARE. Jude Alumuku, SEIS 605-07 Alum0001@stthomas.edu I. Introduction. II. Background Information A. What is Information Technology B. Information technology and the healthcare industry. C. Facts about Information technology and its application in Healthcare 1.0 Strategic Analysis – Industry. 1.1 Strategic Analysis – Competition III. Healthcare Information Technology Adoption, Quality and Costs IV. Problems With health Information technology V. PotentialRead MoreHealth Care, Different Types Of Data, Information, And Knowledge Of Nurses981 Words   |  4 PagesInformatics In health care, different types of data, information, and knowledge surround nurses. 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We also need to remember that health care has become a booming business and patients have shifted into consumers changing the health care delivery models in a variety ofRead MoreInformation Systems ( Inss )1537 Words   |  7 PagesDespite recent progress in information technology, health care institutions are constantly confronted with the need to adapt to the resulting new processes of information management and use.[1] Nusing information systems(INSs) are promoted as a technology supporting collaboration and improving health care decision making at the point- of –care and ultimately health care outcomes. An NIS contains data collection and intetration functionality for nurses and could be used as a part of an electronicRead MoreThe Impact Of Technology On Patient Care957 Words   |  4 PagesTechnology plays a critical role in the twenty-first century as it continues to improve everyday life. Technological benefits have expanded into the healthcare setting and has greatly impacted the medical field. Specifically looking at the nurse’s role, technology has eased interdisciplinary communication, accurate documentation, and reduced medical errors-at least that is the idea. Since a large portion of the nursing population was neither raised nor educated with technological knowledge, thisRead MoreMedication Reconciliation Is The Process Of Gathering All The Medications901 Words   |  4 Pagesmultivitamins a patient is taking regarding their care. Within the parameters of mediation reconciliation, dosage, frequently, name,and route are the prime factors of developing a medication regimen. The goal of knowing all medications of a patient before continuing with care or being admitted to specialized settings like hospitals or clinics will avoid over-medicated adverse effects and possibly death. According to the article, Medication Reconciliation to Facilitate Transition of Care after HospitalizationRead MoreHistorical Perspectives Of Health Care Delivery System926 Words   |  4 PagesTechnological advances Technology has been advancing every day, which has tremendous effects on the lifestyle of people. People are dependent on technology, and as a lifestyle of people change, a demand of advance technology grows. Technological advancement has both positive and negative effects, for instance, benefits of technological advancement are time saving, increases the production, simplifies the communication, improved the health care and education and others. On the other hand, technology has decreasedRead MoreBenefits Of Electronic Health Records1313 Words   |  6 Pagessurvey of doctors revealed the following key information: The percentage of the healthcare providers who reported that the electronic health records are readily available at the point of care is 94% and the percentage of the providers who stated that the electronic health records showed the clinical benefits is 88%. The percentage of the physicians who reported that the electronic health records enable them to provide the enhanced care to the patients is 75% (Jamoom, Patel, King, Furukawa, 2012)Read MoreTechnology Article Review 2931 Words   |  4 Pages Technology Article Review HCS/212 2 March 2014 Alphus Bishop Technology Article Review Being new to the health care professions I am not very familiar with most of the technologies used today in our health care system and have also been fortunate enough to not need much care beyond a checkup here and there. However, being very interested in science I know how great the benefits of medical technology advancements can be to our nation and the world. I am choosing to focus on the technology of

Health Service Management Demographic Analysis

Question: Discuss about theHealth Service Management for Demographic Analysis. Answer: Introduction The report is on the demographic analysis of a local government area and interpretation of data on social and health policies. The report will provide a brief review on the Bankstown local government area and develop a socioeconomic data of the region. It will identify demographic issue in the region and assess the health needs of the population. This will help in meeting the health needs of the population according to the socioeconomic issues faced by the citizens in Bankstown. Bankstown Community Profile Bankstown local government area is a city situated in the south-western part of Sydney, Australia. The region is identified as a major centre by the NSW government and it covers an area of 77 km2. The population density of Bankstown is 26.45 person per hectare and the total population according to Australian Bureau of statistic report was 203, 202 in the year 2015. It is considered as a residential, commercial as well as a industrial city. Migrants comprise a major part of the population demographics and they come from different countries like Vietnam, China and many other countries. It is the city in NSW which can be accessed by all modes of transport (Bankstown Facts and Figures, 2016). History of Bankstown Local Government Area The city of Bankstown was discovered by George Bass and Mathew Flinders during his expedition to the Georges River. The city was named in honor of famous Botanist Sir Joseph Banks who visited Australia. It became an official city in 1980 and it was merged with City of Canterbury. According to settlement history of the region, Europeans first settled in the land in 1798. With the increase in transportation network and introduction of the railway, the population of the area increased further. World War 2 also led to the establishment of many airports, armament process and industrial development. It provided new employment opportunities to new migrants entering the city. Various form of development in the area led to many more population growth and settlement. World War 2 also led to industrial revolution in Bankstown and establishment of new industrial centres (Caulfield Larsen, 2013). Demographic Analysis of Bankstown Local Government Area According to 2011 census report, Banstown local government area consists of 49.3% male and 50.7% male population. The total resident population in the area was 182, 354 in 2011. According to latest estimate on resident population in Bankstown, the official population is 203, 202. Median age group of the area is 35 years, 21 % are between the age-group of 0-14 years and 13.7% comprise are above 65 years. The city consist of employed citizens and indigenous population particularly Aboriginal and Torres Islander people. Bankstown comprises maximum proportion of people in post retirement and schooling age. About 52.1% of citizens are married and 11 % consist of divorcees. It had a population density of 26.45% per hectare. According demographic analysis, the average age of the city is 31 years (Maginn Hamnett, 2016). Population Majority of migrants live in the city with maximum migrants coming from Lebanon. According to 2011 census, proportion of people with Lebanese ancestry was more than national average. It is a linguistically diverse country with people speaking Arabic, Vietnamese, Greek, Cantonese and Mandarin language. Top ancestry consisted of Australian followed by Lebanese, English, Vietnamese and Chinese. In terms of dwelling, 68.2% dwelling consist of separate house and 31% consist of medium and high density dwelling. Other type of dwelling structure included private cabin, house boat and others (Maginn Hamnett, 2016). Religion Bankstown is a city of regional diversity and people belonging to different religions like Islam, Catholic, Hindiusm, Anglican and Eastern-Orthodox lives in the city 21.5% are western Roman Catholic, 26.2% belong to Islamic religion, 12.2% comprise Buddhism, 8.6% eastern orthodox and rest with no religious affiliation (Dunn Piracha, 2015). Education and Income The first school was established in Bankstown in the year 1880 by Dugald Mcleod. This further transformed into North Bankstown School. Currently, the city has famous educational sites like University of Western Sydney located in the campus of Bankstown. There are also many technical and further educations (TAFE) institute in the city and numerous public and private schools (Cheung et al., 2016). The city has diverse economy with income mostly coming from manufacturing business, administrative jobs and industrial business. Printing Presses are also major source of income in the city including The Australia, The Sun-Herald and many others. Bankstown airport, Revesby and Milperra are major industrial area and source of economy. Retail business is also expanding in the city with the rise in number of shopping centers. The citys gross regional product is about 9.04 billion dollar. Manufacturing industry is the largest industry in the city. According to 2015 report, about 82,941 people are employed residents and 77,835 have local jobs. Two-third people come from outside the city for employment. Other types of occupation in the city include labourers, technicians, machine operators, community workers, drivers, clerical and administrative workers. Hence, majority of people (about 57.4%) are employed in labour force and 25.3% have full-time jobs. The city also suffers from unemployme nt problem which is double the national rate for unemployment. This is mainly because of low education level, socioeconomic disadvantage, health issues, lack of awareness and socioeconomic disadvantage (Mendes et al., 2013). Health Need Analysis The common public health issues found in the city includes unhygienic and unhealthy public place, accumulation off waste and all kinds of pollution in the environment. Due to unemployment, poor nutrition, unhealthy lifestyle and homelessness, Bankstown citizen suffers from mental illness and depression. Poor social life also leads to increased family conflicts and strained relationship. A large number of people are overweight due to poor life choices. According to Health Statistics NSW report, about 98.5% hospital separations has been reported (Dixon Isaacs, 2013). People have been mainly hospitalized for alcoholism, smoking issues, high body mass index (obesity), coronary heart disease, COPD, diabetes, fall related injury and hospitalization due to stroke. The rate of diabetes is maximum among indigenous people due to socioeconomic disadvantage and poor nutritional habits. Among chronic diseases, high rate of hospitalization was seen for coronary heart disease. According to death s tatistics, death has occurred due to smoking attributes, alcoholism and obesity (Logan et al., 2016). Infectious diseases like Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Chlamydia, Gonorrhea and Syphilis is also prevalent in the city. About 78% people in Bankstown suffered from Hepatitis B compared to 37.6% in NSW area. This was followed by high rate for Chlamydia, hepatitis C, Gonorrhoea and syphilis. The self-reported health status of the people of Bankstown are as follows: Indicator Bankstown (%) Self-rated health status by year 74.8% Diabetes by year 11.1% Mental health 3.8% Obese 20.4% Overweight 35.7% Many cases of cancer like Lung cancer, prostrate cancer, melanoma cancer, uterus cancer and many more also have been reported in the area. According to the mortality rate per 100,000 populations, the rate of all type of cancer is 1828 in Bankstown and the incidence rate of cancer per 1,00,000 population is 4,275 (Merom et al., 2015). According to health service utilization data on the city, the most common reason for hospitalization is Dialysis, digestive system diseases, neonatal complications, cardiovascular diseases, muscoskeletal disease, respiratory diseases, fall related injury and suicide and nervous system disorder. Health risk behavior mostly seen in the citizens included high risk alcohol drinking, poor fruit and vegetable consumption, lack of physical activity and smoking (Byles et al., 2015). Future Challenges and Recommendation From the demographic and health need analysis of Bankstown, health service will face many challenges to meet increased service demand due to population growth. Ageing of the population will also mean more people requiring adequate health service to improve their quality of life. Health risk behavior like decreases exercise, smoking and tobacco use will lead to more chances of chronic diseases. It will mean health care system will need to take drastic step to update equipment and infrastructure to meet demand of acute care (Chang et al., 2016). The recommendation to improve current health issues in Bankstown are as follows: Promoting maximum collaboration with health care staff to provide immediate health service. Increasing the variety of health care service by partnership with various health agencies. Incorporating current research and evidence based clinical guidelines in everyday practice. Training multi-disciplinary health care team to tackle the complex diseases and provide high quality supervision to patients. Introducing new models of care according to relevant need of the population. Using technologically advanced medical equipment and tool for health service delivery. Creating high standard of health service environment and engaging patients in decision making. Raising awareness about risky behavior and unhealthy habits and their impact on health Providing culturally competent care to understand cultural needs of the population and responding to their sensitive health issues. Providing support for adequate housing, aged care centers and other facilities to improve the overall quality of life of people (Quarmby et al., 2016). Reference Byles, J. E., Leigh, L., Vo, K., Forder, P., Curryer, C. (2015). Life space and mental health: a study of older community-dwelling persons in Australia.Aging mental health,19(2), 98-106. Caulfield, J., Larsen, H. O. (Eds.). (2013).Local government at the millenium. Springer Science Business Media. Chang, L., Douglas, N., Scanlan, J. N., Still, M. (2016). Implementation of the enhanced intersectoral links approach to support increased employment outcomes for consumers of a large metropolitan mental health service.British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 0308022616638673. Cheung, G., Davies, P. J., Trck, S. (2016). Financing alternative energy projects: An examination of challenges and opportunities for local government.Energy Policy,97, 354-364. City of Canterbury-Bankstown - Bankstown Facts and Figures. (2016).Bankstown.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 26 September 2016, from https://www.bankstown.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx?nid=235 Dixon, J., Isaacs, B. (2013). Why sustainable and nutritionally correctfood is not on the agenda: Western Sydney, the moral arts of everyday life and public policy.Food Policy,43, 67-76. Dunn, K. M., Piracha, A. (2015). The multifaith city in an era of post-secularism: The complicated geographies of Christians, non-Christians and non-faithful across Sydney, Australia. InThe changing world religion map(pp. 1635-1654). Springer Netherlands. Logan, S., Rouen, D., Wagner, R., Steel, Z., Hunt, C. (2016). Mental health service use and ethnicity: An analysis of service use and time to access treatment by South East Asian , Middle Eastern , and Australian born patients within Sydney, Australia.Australian Journal of Psychology. Maginn, P. J., Hamnett, S. (2016). Multiculturalism and Metropolitan Australia: Demographic Change and Implications for Strategic Planning.Built Environment,42(1), 120-144. Mendes, P., Waugh, J., Flynn, C. (2013). A community development critique of compulsory income mAnAgement in AustrAliA. Merom, D., Ding, D., Corpuz, G., Bauman, A. (2015). Walking in Sydney: trends in prevalence by geographic areas using information from transport and health surveillance systems.Journal of Transport Health,2(3), 350-359. Quarmby, C., Peterson, G., Van Dam, P., O'Brien, L., Maree, P. (2016). Evidence-based Clinical Redesign education as a vehicle for health service improvement. In5th APAC Forum Exploring New Frontiers.

Self Directed And Life Long Learning free essay sample

The purpose of this essay is to explore and evaluate an aspect of teaching and learning and the following topic of; ‘self-directed/lifelong learning’ is the authors chosen subject. This essay will determine knowledge of this chosen aspect of teaching and learning, critically evaluate the concept of self directed and lifelong learning from the authors own perspective an a nurse educator. The essay will also identify and consider challenges that arise in the application of self-directed and lifelong learning, identify areas where this chosen topic will assist in bridging the theory practice gap, as well as identifying outcomes for patient/client care. The central question of how adults learn has occupied the attention of scholars and practitioners since the founding of adult education as a professional field of practice in the 1920’s. Some eighty years later, we have no single answer, no one theory or model of adult learning that explains all that we know about adult learners, the various contexts where learning takes place, and the process of learning itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Self Directed And Life Long Learning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What we do have is a mosaic of theories, models, sets of principles, and explanations that, combined, compose the knowledge base of adult learning. Two important pieces of that mosaic are andragogy and self directed learning (Merriam, 2001). Knowles (1980, p. 47) proposed a programme planning model for designing, implementing, and evaluating educational experiences with adults. Knowles suggested that the adult classroom climate should be one of â€Å"adultness,† both physically and psychologically. In an â€Å"adult† classroom, adults â€Å"feel accepted, respected and supported†; further, there exists â€Å"a spirit of mutuality between students and teachers as joint enquirers†. And because adults manage other aspects of their lives then they are also capable of directing, or at least assisting in planning their own learning. Knowles himself came to concur that andragogy is less a theory of adult learning than â€Å"a model of assumptions about learning or a conceptual framework that serves as a basis for an emergent theory† (1989, p. 12). This acknowledgement by Knowles resulted in andragogy being defined more by the learning situation than by the learner. About the same time as Knowles introduced andragogy to North American adult educators, self-directed learning appeared as another model that helped define adult learners as different from children. Based on the pioneering work of Houle, Tough, and Knowles, early research on self-directed learning was descriptive, verifying the widespread presence of self-directed learning among adults and documenting the process as it occurred (Merriam, 2001). Houle, 1996, p. 29) stated that what is significant is that andragogy has alerted educators to the fact that they â€Å"should involve learners in as many aspects of their education as possible and in the creation of a climate in which they can most fruitfully learn†. What Merriam and Caffarella (1999) term â€Å"instructional â€Å" models of the process focus on what instructors can do in the formal classroom setting to foster self-direction and student control of learning. Historically, in relation to nursing education, the term learner-centred education did not appear frequently. This may have been attributed to the previous accepted nursing curriculum and prejudice against higher education, as evidenced by stereotyped cliches such as ‘nurses are born not made’. Advocates of the ‘hidden curriculum’ in nursing education (Clinton 1982, Crout, 1980) extended the argument to reason that nurse educators ‘de-emphasise’ the theoretical basis of nursing since they seek to train learners to become conformist, non-critical and obedient employees. (Sweeney, 1986). However nurse training did move into higher education, a move born of a desire to increase the ‘professionalism’ of nursing. As the author is a nurse educator within the mental health service area of a district health board, and there is a specific need and desire to both explore and evaluate self-directed/lifelong learning from a mental health educational viewpoint. The author also trained in Scotland in the 1980’s and was trained the traditional hospital apprentice model. Therefore the concept of self-directed /lifelong learning will be explored from my own experiences of learning, both in a pre-registration environment and over the span of my 20 year post qualifying period. In charting the development of lifelong learning as a concept and taking stock of its current location in nursing, one of the prominent elements noticed has been the proliferation of documents in the 1990’s emphasizing the value and the modes of implementation of lifelong learning in general as well as in nursing (Gopee, 2001). In the UK, the government’s nursing strategy document, Making a Difference (DoH, 1999) notes that ‘Lifelong learning is more than a slogan, and access to education, training and development is no longer an aspiration for the few but a necessary part of jobs and careers in most sectors’. The UK nurses’ professional body the Royal College of Nursing (1997) asserts that continuing professional development (CPD) should be seen ‘as a way of life’. Knapper and Cropley (2000) suggest that the term lifelong learning may be no more than a ‘unifying principle’ that links existing trends and tendencies in education. In other words lifelong learning takes a more holistic perspective, and should be a normal and realistic expectation throughout life. Certainly from the authors’ perspective, much has changed since the pre-registration days of my nurse training, whereby the UK was on the precipice of moving from an institutionalised model of care to a community based model and all that this entailed. The nature of mental health nursing delivery in the Western world, like all areas of health care, continues to undergo profound changes (Barling and Brown, 2001; Ryan-Nicholls, 2003). These changes – shifting client populations, case management, changing loci of care (e. g. , from hospital to community) and competing models of care – have impacted upon the practice of mental health nursing. In addition, educational provision for mental health nurses has had to address issues of change in recruitment, retention, career opportunities and practice development (Happell, 2001; Hannigan 2004). Additionally in Australia and New Zealand direct entry to mental health nursing was phased out by the mid 1990s. Despite the passage of time, there remains concern that mental health nursing has not been well served by this change in educational preparation (Happell, 2008a,b). Along with the reported shortage of mental health nurses, there has also been a decline in the number of graduates choosing a career in mental health nursing (Curtis, 2007) with relatively small numbers undertaking postgraduate study in this specialist area (Happell and Gough, 2009). Unlike Australia and New Zealand, the UK continues an undergraduate mental health nursing programme and anecdotal evidence would suggest that the problems of recruitment and retention in mental health nursing are more problematic on this side of the globe. Happell’s (2001) Australian study of almost 300 students showed that initially mental health was not a popular choice amongst undergraduate nursing students but, nevertheless, suggests that clinical experience in mental health settings modifies such erceptions. Educational provision beyond initial registration demonstrates the potential for, as well as the challenges, of continuing professional development for this group of nurses (Robinson and Tingle, 2003). One educational provision is to enhance the practice of particular mental health nursing skills. The use of particular psycho-social interventions, via such initiatives as the Thorn programme, has been highlighted in caring for clients with enduring mental health proble ms (Gamble, 1997). The author of this essay is a strong advocate for such programmes being introduced into a New Zealand post graduate mental health nursing programme, as she herself completed this programme over a 12 month period at the Maudsley Hospital in London. This programme recognised that whilst the UK has maintained an undergraduate mental health nursing programme, gaps continued to remain in nursing and other disciplines in the provision of adequate care for clients with enduring mental illness and their families. The Thorn programme aimed to minimise those gaps in the UK mental health service provision by ensuring that nurses and other disciplines had the necessary skills to meet those needs. As a nurse educator within the mental health services of a District Health Board in New Zealand, the role includes mandatory educational responsibilities for both nursing and allied health staff, within the provider arm and non-government organisations. The role extends to providing non-mandatory education to colleagues and this includes; enduring mental illness, clinical supervision, preceptor training, to name but a few. Also included is involvement in our New Graduate Mental Health Nursing Programme. This variety within my role can and does present both opportunities and challenges when attempting to foster and encourage new learning’s, and influence change. The challenge therefore is acknowledging the wide ranging experience and qualifications that learners have and creating an environment in which the participants and my role support both as being joint enquirers. Therefore whilst I believe my role as educator is not from a hierarchal model, rather one based on being learner centred and inclusive, I am also aware that at times my style of teaching can be more of a didactic model, however I encourage class participants to also share their own learning’s and experiences. I do however find myself wanting to impart as much knowledge as I can, and I believe some of this is fuelled by my own training and experiences and my on-going concerns that New Zealand does not have an ndergraduate mental health nursing programme. Having reviewed the many studies by Brenda Happell on the similar Australian comprehensive undergraduate nursing programme and the recruitment and retention issues within mental health nursing, I find myself concerned, especially for the future of mental health nursing and the ability to attract and retain our mental health colleagues. This however may serve to promote a more didactic teaching style and this is one of the challenges for me to remedy as a nurse educator. The educator role also includes our regular work-force, both registered and unregistered staff, therefore another challenge is to both promote and maintain good clinical understanding of mental health issues that impact our client group and their families, and keeping staff abreast of changes and national strategies and directives. Another challenge is that some attendees at mandatory training and continual professional development training are not there through choice, but rather because their managers have told them to attend and/or they require additional educational and professional development hours for their annual registration. A UK study by Gould et al. , (2007) on nurses’ experiences of continual professional development (CPD), five main themes emerged from the data: Who and what is CPD for? Accessing CPD; One size does not fit all; Managing work, life and doing CPD; and Making the best of CPD. The respondents in this research thought that CPD played an important role in enhancing service provision and maintaining safety for patients and nurses, and made links between CPD and clinical governance as well as bridging the theory practice gap. The importance of maintaining skills, remaining professionally updated and CPD was also considered to play a key role in both career and personal development. A fewer number of respondents expressed a view that ‘nursing had lost its way’ by becoming overly academic. They called for a return to traditional values, when much greater importance was placed on clinical experience. On the subject of managing work, life and CPD, some respondents complained of the expectation that they would invest personal time in CPD intended to primarily improve service delivery. This resulted in considerable resentment, especially when individuals were already feeling the effects of heavy clinical workloads, poor staffing and the rapid pace of change within the health system. Many of the opinions expressed corroborate the findings of other studies. Poor staffing levels and the absence of colleagues to provide ‘backfill’ was the same problem as in earlier reports (Shields, 2002) and as in the study by Gould et al. , 2004b, there was a feeling from some respondents’ that longer courses with academic emphasis were being promoted at the expense of those intended primarily to attain competency in clinical skills. From the authors own experience both as a clinician and as an educator, I would concur with the study findings and therefore, ongoing evaluation of my role and the content of the education being delivered, and how it is delivered is of paramount importance. One of the main objectives of the educator role is to identify the theory practice gap and how this can be reduced, in order to enhance the clinical outcomes for our clients and families, as well as creating job satisfaction, confidence and competence within our staff who deliver our mental health services. In general terms, the theory- practice gap can be defined as the discrepancy between what student nurses are taught in a classroom setting – the theoretical aspects of nursing – and what they experience on clinical placement – the practice of nursing (Jones, 1997). In the late 1980s, as a result of recommendations made in Project 2000’ (UKCC, 1986), nurse education in the UK moved from hospital-based schools of nursing into universities. Exposure of nursing students to the research-based education of universities was perceived as a way of fostering critical, analytical practitioners, capable of applying research to practice. However, there is contention that degree programmes focus on theory and research to the detriment of practice experience. Thus graduate nurses are accused of lack of competence when they first qualify (Roberts and Johnson, 2009). This is an accusation seldom if ever targeted at any of the other graduate professions within healthcare. For nurse education then, it is crucial that graduate programmes combine theoretical and practical learning and develop strategies to ensure that the competency of newly qualified nurses is assured (Taylor et al. , 2010). However changes to competence assessment in nursing have not been without its critics. Following a systematic review of the literature, Watson et al. , (2002) argued that there was no evidence to support the use of competency-based nurse education. Moreover, they asserted that while not wrong in itself, competence driven nurse education may be misguided because it encapsulates an ‘anti-education’ mentality’. Such is the complexity of competence assessment, that not even involvement of mentors in the process is unproblematic. Mosely and Davies (2008) reported that mentors often struggle with the cognitive demands of the role. Moreover, there are a number of organisational and contextual constraints that make assessment difficult. Lack of time is identified as a major constraint (Myall et al. , 2008; Wilkes, 2006). The problem is compounded by increased student numbers that impinge on placement provision and put mentors under pressure (Murray and Williamson, 2009). Additionally, there is lack of recognition for mentors (Bray and Nettleton, 2007; Kilcullen, 2007) and the inherent role confusion inherent in simultaneously acting as mentor and assessor (Bray and Nettleton, 2007; Wilkes, 2006). A UK study conducted by Corlett (2000), attempted to explore and identify the perceptions of nurse teachers, student nurses and preceptors of the theory-practice gap in nurse education. This study identified that without exception, interviewees felt a theory-practice gap does exist, with students saying it was huge, whilst teachers thought it was probably fairly narrow. Some teachers felt the gap was a beneficial phenomenon, encouraging students to develop problem-based learning and reflective skills to overcome the gap. Students viewed the differences as frustrating and gave more credence to what they saw and learned on placement. Whilst the study identified that preceptors played an important role in helping students relate theory to practice, interviewees felt there was little time to facilitate this process due to the shortness of placements – a finding supported by several other studies (Richards, 1993, White Riley, 1993, Philips et al. 1996). Several studies have also identified that nurse teachers are seen to teach an idealized version of nursing, which often did not fit with the realities of practice. Nurse teachers’ credibility is also lessened when students report what they had seen in the clinical area was different to what they had been taught. Sequencing theory and practice appears particularly worrying for students with the academic model and the role of nurse educators being far removed from reality, therefore a collaborative relationship between nurse educators, students and preceptors appears to be a potential way forward. Within the mental health services it is hoped that the nurse educator role, whilst based within the hospital setting, allows for some of the theory practice gap to be addressed and reduced, and that our staff who support and preceptor our students and newer staff also feel supported. In a study conducted by Hallin and Danielson (2010), preceptors who are supported and informed of the university’s expectations of what nursing students ought to achieve and how they should perform are significantly more likely to report and manage students with insufficiencies. However reasons given as to why nursing students with difficulties pass clinical education are primarily RNs’ feelings of guilt, lack of preceptor experience, insufficient time to observe the student, but also feelings of pity for students (Luhanga et al. , 2008b). Critical decisions on student performance are easier to handle when guidance and teacher support are insured, the structured three-way (tripartite) meetings between teacher, student and personal preceptor described in Hallin and Danielson (2010) model would improve evaluation quality. There is therefore no doubt that there is a need for improved communication, information sharing and collaboration between the tertiary institutions and clinical areas, this would enhance the integration of theory to clinical practice for nursing students , whilst supporting the preceptor in the understanding of the nursing programme. Other studies report that with high staff turnover and retention issues concerning RNs, lack of time and opportunity to be supported to take a preceptor-preparation course and other educational opportunities to increase RNs own knowledge, high student numbers and preceptors not being given adequate time and resources to spend with students, could increase RNs resentments of feeling overworked and therefore less eager to work with students. Undoubtedly, efforts must be made that ensure being a preceptor is considered an honour and results in benefits and rewards (Hyrkas and Shoemaker, 2007). In the role as a nurse educator within the District Health Board, preceptors attend a two day training course and there is ongoing education for them to access within our mental health training programme, it is hoped that this therefore minimises some of the negative impacts the research has found. As previously discussed, self-directed/lifelong learning is very much a part of being in the health and specifically the nursing profession, the authors own experience is that to keep abreast of our ever changing health system and how we deliver care now and in the future, nurses have to accept that this is a necessary part of our roles. There are many advantages to lifelong learning, including enhancement of knowledge of skills, promoting the best quality health services that we can deliver and ultimately improving outcomes for the people we deliver our services to. Life long learning within nursing also gives us the opportunity to bridge the transition from initial training to continuing education, especially important in health and from the author’s perspective in mental health. In the past 20 + years, we have moved to having hospital based care, to community care, this has had a profound impact for both clients and families within the mental health services. Whilst we acknowledge this has been an advantaged way of delivering care for those clients, it has also meant a huge reliance on families becoming care-givers, therefore to up skill our families; we must understand and up skill ourselves. Our society continues to evolve, just as how we deliver healthcare services continues to evolve, therefore the challenge may not only be the concept of self-directed/ life long learning, but how we ensure that we have robust supports and services in place to meet the needs of our health profession and the needs of nursing, both now and in the future.

Free Essays on The Effects Of Anti-smoking Ads On The Youth Of America.

The effects of anti-smoking ads on the youth of America. Anti-smoking ads have hit America’s youth like a ton of bricks, and they are working. The â€Å"Truth† ads seem to be especially effective on the youth of today. I did not really realize that there were any other anti-smoking ads before the â€Å"truth† ads. It turns out that there have been anti-smoking ads since 1998. Those ads did not have much of an effect on the youth. They did not state any of the stats that the â€Å"truth† ads do, and they do not have a hard-hitting theme. The ads that did not have a hard impact were â€Å"think, don’t smoke† ads, and they featured such things as young athletes saying no to cigarettes and then going on to win or do good in something. As a result of these ads smoking is way down among high school students. The rate of smokers among teens is at the lowest tat it has been since 1991. In 1991 twenty seven and a half pe4rcent of high school students said that they smoked, and in 2001 the seniors in high school who smoke is about thirty five percent. It is still too many when about one in four kids in high school are still lighting up. More of what the reason this could be is because the price of cigarettes has risen as much as $1.50 more as in New York. 63.9 percent of high school students said that they have had at least taken one puff of a cigarette in their entire lives. Smoking is killing a lot of people. In Asia about 50,000 teenagers start smoking every day. About two-thirds of the people who are under twenty-five will start smoking in China. More than half of the children who are seven to seven-teen smoke in the Philippines. They say that there needs to be better control of the tobacco. Everywhere except a few countries in Asia have some of the world’s weakest tobacco control laws. Many different things affect the rate of smoking in teens. Certain anti-smoking ads have more of an affect than other anti-smoking ads. If you wan... Free Essays on The Effects Of Anti-smoking Ads On The Youth Of America. Free Essays on The Effects Of Anti-smoking Ads On The Youth Of America. The effects of anti-smoking ads on the youth of America. Anti-smoking ads have hit America’s youth like a ton of bricks, and they are working. The â€Å"Truth† ads seem to be especially effective on the youth of today. I did not really realize that there were any other anti-smoking ads before the â€Å"truth† ads. It turns out that there have been anti-smoking ads since 1998. Those ads did not have much of an effect on the youth. They did not state any of the stats that the â€Å"truth† ads do, and they do not have a hard-hitting theme. The ads that did not have a hard impact were â€Å"think, don’t smoke† ads, and they featured such things as young athletes saying no to cigarettes and then going on to win or do good in something. As a result of these ads smoking is way down among high school students. The rate of smokers among teens is at the lowest tat it has been since 1991. In 1991 twenty seven and a half pe4rcent of high school students said that they smoked, and in 2001 the seniors in high school who smoke is about thirty five percent. It is still too many when about one in four kids in high school are still lighting up. More of what the reason this could be is because the price of cigarettes has risen as much as $1.50 more as in New York. 63.9 percent of high school students said that they have had at least taken one puff of a cigarette in their entire lives. Smoking is killing a lot of people. In Asia about 50,000 teenagers start smoking every day. About two-thirds of the people who are under twenty-five will start smoking in China. More than half of the children who are seven to seven-teen smoke in the Philippines. They say that there needs to be better control of the tobacco. Everywhere except a few countries in Asia have some of the world’s weakest tobacco control laws. Many different things affect the rate of smoking in teens. Certain anti-smoking ads have more of an affect than other anti-smoking ads. If you wan...

Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability Essay Example for Free (#4)

Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability Essay Exercise1 Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability Name ____________________________________________________________ Lab Time/Date ______________________________ Activity 1 Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion) 1. Describe two variables that affect the rate of diffusion. * The size of the pores of the membrane * The size of the molecule diffusing through the membrane 2. Why do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane? How well did the results compare with your prediction? * Because the pores of the membrane were not large enough * I predicted this correctly. 3. Describe the results of the attempts to diffuse glucose and albumin through the 200 MWCO membrane. How well did the results compare with your prediction? I predicted that only glucose would diffuse through it and was right. Albumin is too heavy to diffuse through that membrane. 4. Put the following in order from smallest to largest molecular weight: glucose, sodium chloride, albumin, and urea. NaCl, Urea, Glucose, Albumin Activity 2 Simulated Facilitated Diffusion 1. Explain one way in which facilitated diffusion is the same as simple diffusion and one way in which it differs. -Similar – They pass through the membrane without the use of ATP, they’re both forms of passive transport. -Different – The solutes in facilitated diffusion pass through a carrier protein while the solutes pass through the membrane in simple diffusion. 2.The larger value obtained when more glucose carriers were present corresponds to an increase in the rate of glucose transport. Explain why the rate increased. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Since there were more carrier proteins, more glucose could diffuse into the cell at one time which made the process go along much quicker. I predicted this correctly. 3.Explain your prediction for the effect Na+Cl− might have on glucose transport. In other words, explain why you picked the choice that you did. How well did the results compare with your prediction? I said that the rate of diffusion would decrease, which was wrong, because I figured that having the NaCl would equalize the concentration gradient and make the concentration gradient and make it a slower process. The rate actually remained unaffected because NaCl is not required for glucose in the simulation. Activity 3 Simulating Osmotic Pressure 1. Explain the effect that increasing the Na+Cl− concentration had on osmotic pressure and why it has this effect. How well did the results compare with your prediction? I predicted correctly in saying that the NaCl concentration would increase the pressure because they are directly related, meaning if one increased, that means the other one must have increased as well. 2. Describe one way in which osmosis is similar to simple diffusion and one way in which it is different. -Similar – Solutes can still pass through the membrane in both simple diffusion and osmosis. -Different – In diffusion, the particles go from high concentration regions to low concentration regions, while in osmosis it crosses from a region of low solute concentration to high solute concentration. 3.Solutes are sometimes measured in milliosmoles. Explain the statement, â€Å"Water chases milliosmoles.† Water follows the solutes (milliosmoles) into higher concentrated areas of solutes, me aning it was going against the concentration gradient and â€Å"chasing the milliosmoles.† 4.The conditions were 9 mM albumin in the left beaker and 10 mM glucose in the right beaker with the 200 MWCO membrane in place. Explain the results. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Keeping in mind the past activities, I predicted correctly before doing this activity. The glucose diffused through to the left beaker forming equilibrium, which created osmotic pressure on the left side. The albumin cannot fit through that membrane so it didn’t reach equilibrium. Activity 5 Simulating Active Transport 1. Describe the significance of using 9 mM sodium chloride inside the cell and 6 mM potassium chloride outside the cell, instead of other concentration ratios. Because the sodium-potassium pump needs a 3:2 ratio to function, meaning once the concentration of the KCl runs out then the NaCl cannot function either. 2. Explain why there was no sodium transport even though ATP was present. How well did the results compare with your prediction? I predicted wrong with this activity because I said that the Na+ would be maximally transported. I know now that although in the presence of ATP, the pump still cannot function without any K. 3. Explain why the addition of glucose carriers had no effect on sodium or potassium transport. How well did the results compare with your prediction? I also predicted incorrectly on this one because I did not realize that the glucose carriers don’t need ATP to function so they were still at the mercy of how much potassium there was in the sodium-potassium pump. I thought that there would be easier access into the cell for the Na and K cells. 4.Do you think glucose is being actively transported or transported by facilitated diffusion in this experiment? Explain your answer. Facilitated diffusion because it is moving with the concentration gradie nt and the glucose carriers don’t require ATP to transport the glucose. Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability. (2016, Apr 02).